THE ROLE OF EXTERNAL ACTORS IN AFRICA'S INTERNAL CONFLICTS; THE CASE OF SUDAN CONFLICT (1983-2004)

Abstract

Many countries in Africa have experienced internal conflicts some of which have undermined their viability or existence as states. Whereas the causes of these conflicts are to be found within the inherent weaknesses of post¬ independence African states, the role played by external actors has been substantial. Zartman argues that no internal conflict is really internal. This study explores the factors, motives and interests that attract external actors into conflict and their subsequent impact. The study concludes that the involvement or entry of external actors into conflict brings new issues and interests, which makes the conflict more complex. This study has endeavored to examine the involvement and role of external actors in internal conflicts in Africa. It reviewed the 1983 to 2004 conflict in Sudan pitting mainly the south against the north with the aim of establishing the role played by external actors in the conflict. It found out that several external state and non-state actors were involved in the Sudan conflict and played a central role in the actual war and in conflict resolution phases. It established that the entry of external actors into a situation of internal conflict could arise due to two reasons. External actors can either enter into a conflict situation to promote their interests through support of belligerent parties or by invitation of belligerent parties seeking support. In either situation, it emerged that external actors bring into the conflict new interests. Given the contrasting and divergent nature of the various actors' interests, their involvement makes the conflict more complex and protracted. Based on the above, the study made several conclusions. It concluded that external actors play a crucial role in a conflict situation just as internal actors. The study therefore saw the need to distinguish between the real issues in the conflict if any meaningful resolution is to be achieved. That there may be need to address the issues and interests of external actors or less they may undermine any mediation effort. The study further observed that external actors had the potential of undermining the implementation the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. It thus recommended the need to guard against external interferences or manipulation.