The Role of Politics in Inter-ethnic Border Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: a Case Study of the Borana and Gabra in Kenya and Ethiopia

Abstract

Inter-ethnic conflict has been and continues to be common in African countries. This study aims at assessing the links between inter-ethnic conflict and politics amongst the different communities in the Horn of Africa with special focus on the Gabra and Borana of both Kenya and Ethiopia. The study was hinged on the Homer-Dixon theory and Social Identity Theory. The study took a case study research design approach with a combination of explanatory design. The study was qualitative in nature. The findings were analyzed using content analysis and presented thematically in prose form. The first crucial conclusion emanating from this study's results is the significant influence that political dynamics exert on inter-ethnic conflicts within the Horn of Africa. The study unveils how the manipulation of ethnic identities and unequal resource distribution serve as political catalysts for escalating inter-ethnic tensions. Results further reveal that politicians often exploit historical grievances and mobilize communities along ethnic lines, exacerbating divisions and triggering conflicts, especially during elections. The results indicate that political supremacy battles, competition for economic resources, historical land disputes, and manipulation of ethnic divisions by political actors are significant drivers of conflict. Furthermore, the study reveals that the unequal distribution of resources and job opportunities based on ethnicity is a significant contributor to the tension between the Borana and Gabra communities. The study identifies promising interventions aimed at addressing political and inter-ethnic conflicts in the Horn of Africa such as dialogue, mediation, conflict resolution initiatives, disarmament programs, community engagement, and awareness campaigns. However, challenges, including a lack of commitment from leaders, unresolved historical grievances, limited resources, political interference, and trust issues within and between communities, were also highlighted. The study makes the following recommendations; creation of inclusive and equitable political systems, establish systems for fair resource distribution, comprehensive approach to address historical grievances, implementation of effective peace initiatives and the need to foster cooperation among various stakeholders.