Determinants and Effects of Legume Integration in Smallholder Farming Systems in Nandi County, Kenya: a Gendered Perspective

Abstract

Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by rainfall dependence and low input conditions in the marginalized areas where farmers are generally resource poor. Grain legumes have been used in such contexts because of their multiple benefits such as improving soil health, prevention of pests and diseases, and their use in nutrition and food security. However, the extent of integration and productivity of the legumes is still low. In addition, the levels of legume integration between male and female farmers are presumed to vary since legumes are considered as women’s crop. This study sought to contribute to improved household productivity, food and nutrition security by analyzing determinants and effects of legume integration in smallholder farming systems of Nandi County along gender lines. In order to identify the nuances around legume production, the study used cross-sectional sex-disaggregated data collected using a three-stage sampling technique from 374 farmers. Craggs’ double hurdle model was employed to determine the factors affecting legume integration. The productivity differences between the male, female, and jointly managed legume plots was determined using partial factor productivity index. Finally, food consumption scores and household dietary diversity scores were computed to understand the food security status. The Craggs’ double hurdle model revealed that there were socioeconomic and institutional factors which affected legume integration in both the male and female-headed households. Family labour, number of extension contacts, and membership in agricultural groups had positive effects on legume integration in male-headed households. On the other hand, livestock ownership and experience in legume production had positive effects on legume integration. Results of the partial factor productivity index showed that productivity was highest in male-managed plots, followed by female-managed plots, and lowest for the jointly-managed plots. The quantity of seed used, application of inorganic fertilizer and being a male plot manager significantly affected legume productivity positively...