Healthcare Utilization Determinants in Kenya

Abstract

Understanding the determinants of healthcare utilization is crucial for designing effective healthcare policies and improving population health outcomes. Healthcare utilization patterns are influenced by a complex interplay of individual, societal, and environmental factors, which can vary across different countries and contexts. Kenya, like many other developing countries, faces significant challenges in ensuring universal access to quality healthcare services for its population. This research examines the factors influencing healthcare utilization in Kenya. The research objectives are to identify the factors influencing healthcare utilization, understand their impact on the population's healthcare-seeking behavior, and provide policy implications based on the findings. The research employs cross-sectional data obtained from the Kenya Household Health Expenditure and Utilization Survey (KHHEUS) conducted in 2018 and utilizes the logit model to examine the relationships between various determinants and healthcare utilization. The study reveals significant factors influencing healthcare service utilization in Kenya. Seven variables—gender, education level, average cluster distance to a health facility, health status, health insurance, chronic illness presence, and smoking—play crucial roles in shaping the demand for healthcare. Gender is a notable determinant, with being male exhibiting a distinct negative impact on healthcare service utilization compared to females. Education level emerges as a significant factor, indicating that individuals with at least a secondary school education are more likely to seek professional healthcare services. The distance to a health facility has a discernible influence, with an additional kilometer correlating with a decrease in the probability of seeking healthcare. Health status ratings also contribute, as individuals with good health status are less inclined to utilize professional healthcare services in comparison to those with poorer ratings. The presence of chronic illness positively influences healthcare demand, increasing the likelihood of seeking professional services. Additionally, having healthcare insurance is associated with an increased demand for professional healthcare services. On the other hand, smokers are less likely to utilize healthcare services. Employment status is another significant determinant, with formally or informally employed individuals showing a higher likelihood of seeking professional medical services. These findings provide valuable insights for healthcare planning and policy formulation in the Kenyan context.