Evaluating Kenya's Capacity and Readiness for Handling Hazardous and Noxious Substance Spills in Maritime Environment

Abstract

Kenya is increasingly tapping into the potential of the blue economy, with a notable rise in the number of ships docking at its ports, carrying a wide range of cargo, including Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS). In parallel with this growth, the shipping industry is transitioning to alternative fuels, such as ammonia, LNG, and biofuels, as part of global efforts to address the climate crisis. While these fuels are essential for decarbonization, they are also classified as HNS and pose significant environmental and safety risks when spilled. This study assessed Kenya’s preparedness for managing HNS spills, focusing on the effectiveness of its current preparedness and response framework, policies, and legal structures. A mixed-method approach was employed, including document analysis, surveys, and interviews with key stakeholders involved in spill preparedness and response. The findings show that while Kenya has ratified international conventions and developed a marine spills contingency plan, there are critical gaps, particularly in its legal framework and spill response capacity. Key challenges identified include insufficient training, gaps in policy, and limited research on the environmental impact of HNS spills. The study recommends an urgent need for updates to the contingency plan, stronger legal and policy frameworks, enhanced training programs, and increased research on HNS-specific impacts. These measures are essential for improving Kenya’s response capabilities and ensuring that the country is equipped to handle the risks associated with HNS spill while also supporting sustainable growth in its blue economy