Analysing Communication Efforts Targeting Smallholder Farmers in Western Kenya in the Uptake Of New Agronomic Technologies—the Case of Agricultural Lime

Abstract

Soil acidity in Western Kenya reduces crop yields, yet adoption of agricultural lime, a proven remedy, remains low among smallholder farmers. Barriers such as limited access to information, high costs, and inconsistent communication hinder uptake. This study examined the adoption of agricultural lime among smallholder farmers in Western Kenya, with a focus on how communication effectiveness, barriers, and different communication channels influence adoption decisions. Soil acidity is a significant issue in the region, negatively impacting crop yields and food security. Agricultural lime offers a proven solution to enhance soil health, but despite its benefits, uptake remains low. Guided by Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory and the Behavior Change Communication (BCC) Model, the study analyzes current communication methods, identifies barriers to adoption, and assesses the effectiveness of various communication channels in promoting lime use. A mixed-methods approach was employed, collecting quantitative data through structured questionnaires administered to smallholder farmers and qualitative data from interviews with agro-vets, lime distributors, and farmers. Quantitative analysis, including regression models, revealed that communication effectiveness significantly influences lime adoption, with 42.2% of adoption variability explained by how well information is conveyed. Barriers such as financial constraints, complexity of information, and lack of practical demonstrations collectively accounted for 39.1% of the variance in adoption. Additionally, the study found that the choice of communication channels, particularly extension services and farmer organizations, played a critical role in promoting adoption, explaining 45.1% of the variability in farmers' decisions. The study concludes that effective, multi-channel communication strategies are essential for enhancing lime adoption, with recommendations including expanding extension services, providing financial support for lime purchases, developing practical educational materials, and leveraging farmer organizations to reinforce community-based learning. These findings suggest that addressing informational, financial, and logistical barriers through tailored communication and support systems can foster sustainable lime adoption among smallholder farmers, ultimately contributing to improved soil health and agricultural productivity. Further research is recommended to explore the role of digital communication v platforms in reaching wider farmer audiences and the long-term impact of lime application on crop yields and soil quality.