| dc.description.abstract | Haematuria is a common rinding in patients presenting with urologic problems. Therefore,
the aim of this study was to describing the cytologic findings in patients presenting with
haematuria in the urology clinic at Kenyatta National Hospital.
Objective: To describe the cytologic findings in patients presenting with haematuria in the
urology clinic at Kenyatta National Hospital.
Design: Cross - sectional descriptive study
Settings: Kenyatta National Hospital Urology Clinic. Analysis was done in the UON/ KNH
cytology laboratory.
Methods: Voided random urine samples were cyto-centrifuged and then stained using
Papanicolaou stains. Cytologic findings were categorized as benign, atypical, malignant and
reactive lesions.
The quantitative data such prevalence of cytological findings and demographic characteristics
were presented in proportions. Factors associated with the type of haematuria were determined
using chi-square. The correlation between socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors
were
determined using chi square test of association. Association between urothelial malignancies and
socio-demographic characteristics (tobacco use, alcohol use, application of hair-dyes and skin
lighteners) was determined using odds ratio with 95% CI. All statistical tests were performed at
5% significant level, (p = < 0.05).
Results: The overall prevalence of malignant urothelial neoplasia was 4%; (highly suspicious
urothelial neoplasia 1.3%, malignant neoplasia 2% and anaplastic carcinoma 0.7%). Acute
cystitis
69.3%, chronic inflammatory cystitis 5.3%, reactive urothelial changes 4.7 %, atypical urothelial
cells 2%, and negative for lesions 14.7%. Malignant urothelial neoplasia (66.7%) and
nonneoplastic
lesions (77.9%) were more commonly associated with micro-haematuria than gross
haematuria. Association between exposure to different risk factors and urothelial neoplasia was
not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, age, sex and occupation were important as male
patients in 6th and 7th decade in farming industry yielded 66.7% of urothelial malignancies
reported.
Conclusions: Acute cystitis is the commonest cause of haematuria. Malignant urothelial
neoplasia
was common among male farmers' in 6th and 7th decade presenting with micro-haematuria.
Non-neoplastic lesions were more frequently associated with micro- haematuria than
macrohaematuria.
The association between urothelial neoplasia and risk factors was not statistically significance.
Recommendations: Cytological screening of micro-haematuria for urothelial neoplasia among
male farmers in 6th and 7th decade of life should be emphasized. | |
